HOSPITAL READMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM Research Paper

HOSPITAL READMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM - Research Paper Example This did not emerge as a significant issue for quality of inpatient care; although, patients were discharged untimely, which might hypothetically raise the threat of readmissions that are expensive to payers. In a Congressional Report of 2007 (Hackbarth, Reischauer & Miller, 2007), the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) categorized several hospital readmissions as probably preventable. On August1 2011, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) published its inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS) finale law. Incorporated in the early structure for Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP) that is intended to begin operation in the FY 2013. The HRRP was incorporated in the Affordable Care Act by the Congress. The HRRP policy is concerned with the reduction of Medicare disbursements to hospitals with a higher number of rehospitalizations for ‘appropriate conditions’ over a particular period. The policy is only appropriate to medical states chosen by the Health and Human Service (HHS) Secretary. The policy directs the Secretary to choose situations that are expensive or widespread and where there are readmissions approaches that are authorized by the body with a treaty under section 1890(a) that is the National Quality Forum (NQF). The HRRP is applicable to all hospital organizations except those offering chiefly psychiatric, rehabilit ative or long-standing care, critical admission hospitals, children’s hospitals, and some cancer or research centers. Hospitals organizations engaging in a Medicare payment demonstration scheme are subject to this program, although, can be exempted from engagement provided that their state presents a yearly report explaining the state’s plans to decrease expenses and develop outcomes and the HHS Secretary approves. Understanding the technicalities of the HRRP entails one to consider the conditions and political background adjoining the endorsement of its parent

Hitachi Essay Example for Free

Hitachi Essay 1. Product line The three main products of every company are1-door, 2-door and 3-door+ refrigerators since all of them produce it. This leads to a tense competition of those items. Most of companies have the high competition in segment of 2-door refrigerators. Moreover, Side by side refrigerators are produced by only Hitachi and Samsung because of negative growth in this segment. 2. Pricing Strategy Hitachi is using â€Å"Premium pricing† that suit to their products. Hitachi would like to make the brand image to show the customers about high quality of their products and gain number 1 value market share. In the other way, Mitsubishi is using competitive price because they would like to reach on the target audiences and remain to be number 1 of market. Toshiba also uses Competitive pricing in order to be competitive with other brands. Samsung is using lower pricing to attract most in the lower to middle incomes segment. 3.Distribution Strategy Every companies use Selective for distribution strategy to sells product to customers. There are two types of distribution channels; Mass merchandized and General electric shop (dealers). The mass merchandized are PowerBuy, Power Mall (Paragon), HomePro, BigC and Tesco Lotus to sell their products to customers. Moreover, every brand also sells their products locally through local dealers. The dealers are in every parts of Thailand. 4. Target Audience All companies have roughly the same primary and secondary target audience which are households and organizations respectively. However, the target audience of each brand is targeted differently based on income level, age and lifestyle. The primary target audiences of Hitachi are middle to upper incomes because Hitachi set price as premium pricing and age of target audience is middle age to adulthood (aged between 35 and 50) because the design is conservative. Mitsubishi produces innovative design for focusing on middle incomes and people of middle age to adulthood (aged between 35 and 50). Samsung focus on lower to middle incomes because they use lower pricing strategy and they use celebrities as the presenters in advertisement to attract those who are interested in the celebrities which is usually people of middle to low income and have younger age (between 25 and 35). Toshiba focus on middle income because they are using competitive pricing. The range of age of target audience of Toshiba is wide because they have conservative design and has just come up with more innovative design in order to attract people of younger age, therefore the age range will be between 25 and 50. Moreover, the companies also focus on the organization in secondary target customers because the companies can get the opportunity to sell the products if the organizations would like to order the large volumes of refrigerators. The organizations can be either government or private sector. Both of target audiences are important for the companies. Customers choose the brand base on their perception, which is along of line of quality, value, and cost. 5. Positioning In the positioning mapping Hitachi is currently in quadrant of having High Price and conservative design. Mitsubishi and Samsung have the high innovative design but Mitsubishi is perceived as high price whereas Samsung is perceived as low price. Toshiba is in conservative design with moderating price in order to be competitive with other brands. 6. Objectives -Marketing Hitachi focuses on gaining more profit to be number 1 of value market share in the refrigerator industry. They can gain more opportunity than other competitors and make the relationship to customers in long-term by service quality. Mitsubishi focuses on remaining the number 1 in market by maintain the existing customers. Samsung focuses on being number 1 of 2-door market share because 2-door market is the largest market share in the industry. To be the number 1 of market share of 2-door refrigerators, the company has the varied models of 2-door refrigerators and made the lower prices. Toshiba focuses on retrieving from the Mega-flood effect in 2011 because the flood was attacked to Toshiba factory and warehouse. It makes the products become shortage in the market. They have to recovery to come back on the market. Promotion Hitachi provides offering premiums to consumers and gaining closer relationship with the people in the long-term. Mitsubishi uses Discount prices to consumers. It makes the customers become confidence to the company and achieve the company’s goal to be remaining number 1 in the market. Samsung has Heavy promotions to consumers, price reduction, premiums and more. The company would like to be the first brand to be the customers’ mind. Toshiba would like to continuous price reduction in order to not promote much like other competitors.

No Child Left Behind is the Way to Get Ahead Essay -- Education Politi

No Child Left Behind is the Way to Get Ahead There are many students in America today that are struggling to make the grade. These students have not been given all opportunities and chances that they should have been given to be able to reach a higher level of education. Now children have a way to be able to get to the academic level that they rightfully deserve. President George W. Bush has created a plan for the future and a way to get all of our countries students to thrive in the education system and in life. With this initiative, America will be able to close the achievement gap between the Caucasian higher income students, and the lower income minority students. No Child Left Behind is the only way that lower income minority students will be able to succeed, and get the well deserved attention that they need in the form of assessment tests, and higher quality teachers. In 2001, President George W. Bush proposed a plan to close the gap between students in the United States education system. The act was then redefined and passed in 2002, and was fully put into effect. President Bush knew that the education system in this country was in trouble and faced the problems head on, addressing them and proposing solutions in this act. To make sure that students would raise the bar, a system of assessment tests were put into order, and will create a monitoring system with the students progress (Fact Sheet). Students will now have a record of test scores in mathematics and in reading. These scores will ensure that the students will make progress. The scores will also be accessible to parents so that they can check students progress (Fact Sheet). With these scores which the parents will be able to check, they can ... ...ference. The merit of teachers needs to increase, done. There is a need for more funds for educational programs, no problem. The knowledge of the minority students in the public school system needs to be elevated, it’s met. With this act all of the academic problems that American students face will be eliminated in the course of time. No child will have the fear that they will not meet the standards of our nation, or that they will fall behind any other student. America needs help, and America needs the No Child Left behind Act for the future of our country. Works Cited Delisio, Ellen R. â€Å"No Child Left Behind: What it Means to You.† Education World 2002. . â€Å"Fact Sheet: No Child Left Behind Act.† Whitehouse.gov January 2002. . â€Å"Reaching Out†¦ Raising Achievement.† Ed.gov 2004. .

Overall Banking of Bank Asia Limited

[pic] PART A INTRODUCTION OF THE REPORT [pic] [pic]1: Introduction [pic] 1. BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY [pic] Bank is a financial institution whose main aim is to earn profit through exchange of money and credit instruments. A banking company must perform both of the essential function accepting of deposits and lending or investing the same. If the purpose of acceptance of deposits is not to lend or invest, the business will not be called banking business. It may be said that banking in its most simple form, is as old as authentic history. As early as 2000 B. C. Bany Lonians has developed a system of banks.In ancient Greece and Rome the practice of granting credit was widely prevalent. According to some authorities the word â€Å"Bank† is derived from the words banco, bancus, banque or bance. All of these words mean a bench upon which the mediaeval European bankers used to sit with their coins to transact banking business. When a banker failed to meet his obligations, the angry p eople used to break up his â€Å"banco†. The account for origin of the word â€Å"Bankrupt† which means bank failure but whatever be the origin of the bank, the word came to be used in Europe from the middle age in connection with the business of bank.Money also links the history of banking. It created a logical necessity of banks. However, the birth of present day banking is not sudden. It has come to its present stage through a process of development. During the last decade, banking became the most competitive industries of Bangladesh with a huge amount of growth. A large number of new banks have made their way in the industry and yet there are more to come. In such a highly competitive service industry, ‘customer satisfaction’ is a very important factor to consider. High customer atisfaction and loyalty give an organization a better base than its competitors and allows it to flourish in the industry. 2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY [pic] General Objective The general objective of preparing this report is to fulfill the requirement of project work as well as completion the BBA Program through gaining the experience and view the application of theoretical knowledge in the real life. Also find out the Operational Process of the Bank and it’s overall Performance. Project Objective The objectives of this report are the followings: Get introduced with the idea of â€Å"Customer Service Quality† in Bank Asia Ltd. ? Introduce with the Bank service quality assessment tools ? Techniques to win a strong customer base ? To know the expectations of customers of Bank Asia Ltd. ? To analyze different activities of different desk. ? To analyze different rules and regulations of the Banking System. ? To analyze the procedures of making loan. ? To analyze how to provide better customer service. ? To analyze how bankers introduce their product to the clients and customers. To know how people communicate with clients, customers and head offic e about different purposes and how they use information system. ? To Know the position of Bank Asia Ltd in the Market ? To know the study’s and conditions of overall performance ? To make some recommendations and conclusion to further the development of Retail products of Bank Asia Ltd. 1. 3 Methodology of the study [pic] To make the report more meaningful and presentable, two sources of data and information were used widely. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to prepare this report.The nature of this report is descriptive with some survey or using sampling method. Most of the necessary information has been collected by a questionnaire, officers working in Retail Banking. 1. 4 DATA COLLECTION [pic] Both the primary and secondary forms of data are used to make the report more rich and informative. The details of these sources are gives below: Primary Sources Most of the information was acquired by discussing with the officers working in the Patherhat Branch of Bank Asia Ltd. Observation and work experience with different divisional in-charges and suggestions of many executives of the bank.Secondary Sources Annual Report of the Bank Asia Limited. Various books, articles, compilations etc. Websites of the Bank. Instruction circular of Head Office, brochures of different banks, newspapers and magazines regarding banking issues, seminar papers and so on. 1. 5 LIMITATIONS [pic] The report was not free from limitations. The study has been conducted on the subject of â€Å"Activities in Bank Asia Limited†. The Officers of Bank Asia have provided all the necessary information with his best abilities. Key limitations of the study are as follows: The internship is a very short period of time. During this short period it is very difficult to study about Bank Asia properly. ? The data and information collected from Bank Asia was not clearly related with the topic. ? The study was not successfully completed due lack of knowledge of banking profession. ? Some data and information was not provided by Bank Asia due to maintain secrecy. ? The data that are collected contained lots of information so it is very difficult to represent all information concisely. ? Bank is a very busy organization with comparison to others.There are rushes of people for about whole the day and the officers have to transact with them. So it is very much tough for Credit Officers to allocate time for me. [pic] PART B COMPANY PROFILE [pic] [pic]2: COMPANY PROFILE [pic] 2. 1 ABOUT BANK ASIA [pic] Bank Asia is one of the renowned and successful banks in Bangladesh established in 1999. The paid up capital of the Bank is 1116 million. With in very short time Bank Asia has established itself as one of the fast growing local private Bank. Now it has 66 branches in its network. It has own ATM service.It provides ATM service through other banks too. Mr. A. Rouf Chowdhury is the Chairman of Bank Asia. Bank Asia is operated by the experienced, qualified, professional management teams whom have exposure in the international market. In the year 2003 the Bank again came to the limelight with over subscription of the Initial Public Offering of the shares of the Bank, which was a record (55 times) in our capital market’s history and its shares commands respectable premium. Bank Asia is maintaining it’s competitiveness by leveraging on its Online Banking Software and modern IT infrastructure.It the pioneer amongst the local Banks in introducing innovative products like SMS Banking and under the ATM Network the Stelar Online Banking Software enables directs linking of a client’s account, without the requirements for a separate account. Bank Asia has long experience in the financial sector of our country. By their programmatic decision and management directives in the operational activities, the Bank has earned a secured and distinctive position in the banking industry in term of performance, growth and excellent manage ment. 2. 2 CORPORATE INFORMATION[pic] ? Letter of intent received : 24/02/1999 First meeting of the Promoters held: 15/04/1999 ? Certificate of incorporation received: 28/09/1999 ? Certificate of commencement of Business : 28/09/1999 ? First meeting of the board of Directors held: 01/10/1999 ? Banking license received : 06/10/1999 ? First branch license received: 31/10/1999 ? Inauguration of Bank : 27/11/1999 ? Date of publication of Prospectus : 29/06/2003 ? Date of IPO Subscription : 23/09/2003, 24/09/2003 ? Date of first share trading in Bourse : 08/01/2004 ? Date of agreement with CDBL : 20/12/2005 ? Date of first scrip less trading : 30/01/2006 Numbers of Promoters: 22 ? Numbers of Directors: 11 ? Numbers of Branches : 66 ? Auditors : S. F. Ahmed &CO. Chartered Accountants House #25, Road # 13A, Block- D, Banani, Dhaka- 1213. ? Registered Office: Tea Board Building (1st floor) 111-113, Motijheel C/A, Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh. 2. 3 MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY OF BANK ASIA LIMIT ED [pic] 2. 4 MISSION STATEMENT OF BANK ASIA [pic] To assist in bringing high quality service to our customers and to participate in the growth and expansion of our national economy.To set high standards of integrity and bring total satisfaction to our clients, shareholders and employees. To become the most sought after bank in the country, rendering technology driven innovative services by our dedicated team of professionals. 2. 5 VISION OF BANK ASIA [pic] Bank Asia’s vision is to have a poverty free Bangladesh in course of a generation in the new millennium, reflecting the national dream. Our vision is to build a society where human dignity and human rights receive the highest consideration along with reduction of poverty. 2. 6 COMMITMENT & CULTURE OF BANK ASIA LTD. pic] 2. 6. 1 Social Commitment: Though the purpose of Bank Asia is obviously earning profit, but the promoters and equity holders are aware of their commitment to the society to which they belong. 2. 6. 2 Corpor ate Mission: †¢ To provide high quality financial services in export and import trade. †¢ To provide excellent quality customer service. †¢ To maintain corporate and business ethics. †¢ To become a trusted responsibility of customer’s money and their financial advisor. †¢ To make their stock superior and rewarding to the customers/ share holders. †¢ To display team sprit and professionalism. To have a sound capital base. 2. 6. 3 Corporate Culture: Bank Asia is one of the most disciplined banks with a distinctive corporate culture. Here we believe in shared meaning, shared understanding and shared sense making. Our people can see and understand events, activities, objectives, objects and situation in a distinctive way. They mould their manners and etiquette, character individually to suite the purpose of the bank and the needs of the customers who are of paramount to us. The people in the bank see themselves as a tight knit team/ family that belie ve in working together for growth.The corporate culture we belong has not been imposed; it has rather been achieved through our corporate culture conduct. [pic]3: TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION [pic] 3. 1 DELIVERY CHANNEL [pic] Focusing of the need for increasing customer’s service delivery point Bank Asia has been continuously adding new items. Their delivery channels now include 32 branches one booth, ATMs, internet banking, POS machine of Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd. and mobile banking. 3. 2 BRANCH NETWORK [pic] Bank Asia intends to achieve to attain balanced growth and expansion of its branch network.Aiming to extend their service and to increase their reach rapidly to their growing and valuable clients. Bank Asia always looking for opportunities for adding more branches to their growing network. 3. 3 ATM [pic] Bank Asia’s ATM Service has been well embraced by the clients since it provides them most flexibility in handling cash money and ensures uninterrupted banking faciliti es round the clock. In the face of growing demand they arranged for addition of new ATMs and set up 10 additional machines during the year 2007.Now they have ATMs of their own also they have under share arrangements 93 ATM E-cash booths and 226 ATMs of Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd. 3. 4 INTERNET BANKING [pic] Internet banking facilities change their business process, since many customers fell comfortable to execute transaction through internet. The transaction through internet has grown very fast in the recent year. Their internet banking further improved in 2007 and their customer can change their profile, stop payment of issued cheques, see the status of cheques, request a cheque book etc. n addition to existing facilities like fund transfer, balance and transaction enquiry etc. 3. 5 CREDIT CARD FACILITIES [pic] Bank Asia now provides credit card to its customers and clients. Through this card a client can draw money from any bank. [pic] PART C GENERAL BANKING(AN OVERVIEW) [pic]4: GENERA L BANKING (AN OVERVIEW) [pic] 4. 1 Banking Service of Bank Asia Ltd. [pic] Banking Services General Banking Credit/Advance Foreign Exchange CashCash Credit (HYPO)Import AccountsCash Credit (PLEDGE)Export RemittanceCash Credit SchemeRemittance Clearing House Lease FinancingCustomer Service Saving Overdraft 4. 2 CUSTOMER SERVICE[pic] Accepting Deposit: There are three kinds of deposits in Bank Asia those are as follows: a) Demand Deposit. b) Time Deposit. c) Scheme Deposit. a) Demand Deposit: The deposit from which depositors can withdraw money without any notice is demand deposit. These demand deposit also three categories those are as follows: 1) Current deposit (CD Account). 2) Saving Deposit (Saving Account). 3) Short Term Deposit (STD Account). b) Time Deposit: This deposit is called FDR (Fixed Deposit Regular).The amount in this account is payable only after time stipulated. There are three types of time deposits those are as follows: FDR # One Month 10% # Three Month 12. 5% # S ix Month 12. 5% # One Year 12. 5% # BASP 14% C) Scheme Deposits: With the growth of the middle classes and classes of people having a monthly and regular source of income, from which people deposit a specific amount in the Bank at a regular interval of time, is called Scheme Deposit. The following accounts are under Scheme Deposit A/C: 1. Deposit pension Scheme (DPS),2. Monthly Saving Scheme (MSS), 3.Monthly Income Scheme (MIS), 4. Super Saving Scheme (SSS),5. Multi plus Saving Scheme (MPSS). 4. 2. 1 ACCOUNTS OPENING PROCEDURE [pic] To open a new account an applicant has to maintain number of formalities. Bank’s officer also is careful whether necessary documents are provided by the new account opener. To open a new account following formalities have to be maintained: ? An introducer who introduces new account holder to the bank. ? Two copies of passport size recent photograph attested by the introducer. ? Account opening form duly filled. ? Signature card duly signed. One co py of photograph of nominee. ? After fulfilling the above formalities, Bank provides to the customer a deposit slip book and a cheque book which is marked by his new account number. ? If it is joint account each and every person has to provide their details and signed into the account opening form. ? Letter of thanks to the account holder and introducer For Partnership firm: If it is a Partnership firm there is some additional formalities have to be maintained, those are as follows: ? Partner’s signature ? Partner’s name and address. ? The nature of the firm’s business Two copies of photograph for each and every partner, duly attest by the introducer. ? Account must be introduced properly. ? Introducer’s signature on account opening form has to verify by an officer under full signature. ? Certified true copy of the memorandum of the firm. ? Registered partner ship deed. ? In case of joint account, operational instructions are to be signed by the joint acc ount holders. For proprietorship business: ? Declaration of proprietorship ? Photocopy of Business trade license. ? Account agreement form. ? Photocopy of TIN certificate. For Limited Company: Certified true copy of Memorandum & Articles of Association of the company. ? Latest audited balance sheet of the company. ? Latest copy of company’s income statement. ? Certificate copy of incorporation of the company for inspection and returned with a duly certified photocopy for bank’s record. ? Certificate from the registered of the joint stock companies that the company is entitled to commence business (in case of public limited co. for inspection and return) along with a duly certified photocopy for bank’s record. ? Name and address of the board of directors. ? Authorized signature. Extra resolution of the board, general meeting of the company for opening the account and authorization for its operation duly certified by the Chairman/ Managing Directors of the company . ? Full name of the company and full address of head office. General condition for opening current and saving account: ? At least Tk. 2,000/- for current account and Tk. 1,000/- for saving account has to deposit while account is going to open. 4. 2. 2 ISSUE OF DUPLICATE CHEQUE BOOK [pic] When an account holder loss his cheque book he has to inform it to the bank. Then bank stop any amount from that account.Account holder has to apply to the bank through application to new cheque book. Then fresh cheque book is issued instead of lost one after verification of the signature of the account holder from the specimen signature card and on realization of required exercise duly only with prior approval of manager of the branch. Cheque of the new cheque book is recorded in the ledger card and signature card ass usual. Series number of lost book is recorded in the stop payment register and caution should be exercised to guard against fraudulent payment. 4. 2. 3 CLOSING OF AN ACCOUNT [pic]The re are some reasons for which account may be closed those are as follows: ? If the customer is desirous to close the account. ? If the bank finds that the account is inoperative for a long duration. ? If garnishee order is issued by the court of Bank Asia. ? To prevent money laundering some times Bangladesh Bank order to the bank to close the account of the black money holder. To close the account, the cheque has to be returned to the bank. Bank Asia takes all the charges by debiting the account and remaining balance is then paid to the customer. Necessary entries are given to the account closing register and computer. . 2. 4 ISSUING OF PAY ORDER [pic] A pay order is an instrument from one branch to another branch of the same bank to pay a certain sum of money to the person there on or to his order. Unlike the cheque, there is no possibility of dishonoring pay order because before issuing PO, bank takes the money of the pay order in advance. The pay order purchaser has to apply in a prescribed form with a credit voucher for the amount of pay order and other credit vouchers for commission and VAT. 4. 2. 5 TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFERS (TT) [pic] TT is the quickest method of transferring funds from one place to another.The remitting branch sends a telegraphic/ telephone message to the other end, to pay a certain sum of money to a named payee. Such a message is usually sent in code language. Prefixing or suffixing a check cipher authenticates the message. A check cipher for a remittance is worked out on a test key table, access to which is allowed only by authorized officers. The codebook is always kept in the custody of authorized officers. All T. T. are following by written confirmations under the signature of authorized officer of the remitting branch. The receiving branch, after thoroughly checking the telegraphic message, acts on it. . 2. 6 ISSUING CERTIFICATE [pic] Bank Asia provides different certificates to its clients and customers. It provides Bank Certificate to its clients for opening BO account and deduct Tk. 200/- as service charge. Bank Asia provides solvency certificate too to prove that their client is financially solvent. This solvency certificate is needed if client is willing to go to abroad or opening new business. 4. 3 ACCOUNTS DEPERTMENT [pic] Following things are done by the Accounts Department: ? Pass outward instrument to the clearing house. ? Pass inward instrument to respective department. Return instrument in case of dishonor. ? Prepare OBC and IBC for the respective branch and head office. ? Verify daily’s cash expenses and issuing cash voucher sleep for different necessary daily expenses. ? Issuing credit voucher for remittance coming from abroad. ? Receiving clearing cheque from teller department and bank wise separate the cheques and send those to the clearing house. ? Recording of return cheque from different banks and back to return it to the clients. ? Prepare OBC request letter to head office for collecti ng fund out side of the city. The following entries are given if the cheque is honored.Customer A/C Debit Bank Asia general A/CCredit Bank Asia Principle Branch clears its cheque through the head office as well as the cheque of other branches, because it is only permitted. The other branches send the instrument through IBCA. Bank Asia principle branch act as an agent in this case. For this the concern branch gives the following entries: Bank general A/C Debit Customer’s A/C Credit If the instrument is dishonored, the instrument is returned to the concerned branch through IBCA along with the following entries: Incase of return for inward instrument. Bank general A/CDebit Customer’s A/CCreditIncase of return for outward instrument: Customer A/C Debit Bank general A/CCredit Incase of returning an instrument the respective officer usually looks for following reasons: ? Insufficient fund ? Drawer’s signature differs. ? Amount in word and figure differ ? Refer to draw er ? Stop payment ? Not arrange for ? Effect not cleared may be presented again. Receiving cheque for collection: In Bank Asia, cheques of its customers are received for collection from other banks. In case of receiving cheque, following points should be checked. ? The cheque should not carry a date older than the receiving date for more than 6 months.In that case it will be a ‘stale cheque’ and it will nit be allowed for collection. Again the date of the cheque should not be more than one day forward than the receiving date. ? The amount in figures and words in both sides of the pay-in-slip should be same with the amount mentioned in the figure and word in the cheque. ? The name mentioned in the cheque should be same in both side in pay-in-slip and it should be the same with the name mentioned in the cheque. ? The cheque must be crossed. 4. 4 CREDIT DEPERTMENT [pic] Consumer Credit is a part of Credit Department which involves in generating loan to the client.Bank Asia Station Road Branch provides four categories of loans those are as follows: 1. Consumer Durable Loan. 2. Auto Loan. 3. House Finance. 4. Unsecured Personal Loans. 4. 4. 1 HOUSE FINANCE [pic] Regulations for House Finance Loan: ? House Finance Loan is provided for the long period of time (Maximum 15 years including 1 year grace period). ? Loan to price ratio: The loan to price ratio is 80%. It means bank finance 80% amount of required amount. Bank provide loan for the construction which is already completed up to ground floor. ? Rate of interest of house finance loan of Bank Asia is 16%. ? Loan size: Loan Size is Tk. 3, 00,000. 0 to Tk. 50, 00,000. 00. ? Maximum Exposure (Bank Equity) 20%. ? Age of the applicant must be between 25-65 Years. ? DBR: DBR (Debt Ratio) have to 40%. ? Processing Fee: 0. 5% or 5000/- whichever is higher. 4. 4. 2 CLOSING OF AN ACCOUNT [pic] Regulation for Auto Loan: ? Auto Loan is provided for purchasing new vehicle. ? Loan to price ratio: If it is recondit ion car bank will finance 80% of the total price and if it is new vehicle bank will finance 90% of the total price. ? Rate of interest of Auto Loan is 16%. ? Loan size: Loan Size is maximum Tk. 20, 00, 000. 00. ? Maximum Exposure (Bank Equity) 20%. ? DBR: DBR (Debt Ratio) have to 40%. Tenor: Auto Loan provided for 60 months (for recondition vehicle), and for 72 months (new vehicle). ? Processing Fee: 1% or 5000/- whichever is higher. ? Age of the applicant must be between 25-65 Years. An application is provided to BRTA as if the vehicle is registered at the name of Bank Asia & the applicant. 4. 4. 3 CONSUME DUALE LONE [pic] Consumer Durable Loan provided to business man as financial assistant. There are some rules and regulations for consumer durable loan those are as follows: ? Loan size: Loan Size is Tk. 50, 000. 00 to Tk. 5, 00,000. 00. ? Rate of interest of Consumer Durable Loan is 17%. Maximum Exposure (Bank Equity) 40%. ? DBR: DBR (Debt Ratio) have to 33%. ? Tenor: Auto Loan p rovided for minimum 6 months or maximum 48 months. ? Processing Fee: 1% or 1000/- whichever is higher. ? Age of the applicant must be between 25-57 Years. ? Loan to price ratio 70%. 4. 4. 4 UNSECURED PERSONAL LONE [pic] Unsecured Personal Loans for service holders, business man will not apply for this type of loan. There are some rules and regulations for Unsecured Personal Loans those are as follows: ? Loan size: Loan Size is Tk. 25, 000. 00 to Tk. 5, 00,000. 00. ? Rate of interest of Consumer Durable Loan is 17%. Maximum Exposure (Bank Equity) 20%. ? DBR: DBR (Debt Ratio) have to 33%. ? Tenor: Auto Loan provided for minimum 12 months or maximum 48 months. ? Processing Fee: 1% or 1000/- whichever is higher. ? Age of the applicant must be between 25-57 Years. ? Loan to price ratio: Not applicable. 4. 4. 5 NECESSARY DOCUMENTS FOR A LOAN PROSESSING [pic] ? Latest license copy provided by the city corporation (Trade License). ? TIN Certificate. ? Nationality certificate/ Passport. ? In come statement (Last 6 months). ? Statement of purpose of loan. ? Reference. ? Guarantor’s information and his/her photograph. Utility bill (telephone bill, electric bill etc). ? Necessary information of existing assets and liability. ? Bank transaction last six months. ? Sources of funds from which borrower can repay the loan. ? Received security advance cheque against loan amount which is properly signed by the borrower. ? Joint necessary stump with the loan application book. Stamp charge may receive on cash or adjust from the account of the applicant. 4. 4. 6 GENERAL POLICY GUIDELINE [pic] ? Bank Asia make loan to the reputed clients. ? Encourage lending to socially desirable, nationally important and financially variable sector. Satisfactory security and collateral is required including source of repayment both primary and secondary source. ? Bank Asia may consider terms loan with maturity up to five years. ? Bank Asia extent credit facilities to the area, which the branc h located and size and ability of its stuff to supervise and monitor the same also considered. ? Maximum size of the loan port folio. ? The banking corporation act 1991 restricts lending to any single obligor or a group of companies up to 15% of the capital funds of bank without having approval of Bangladesh Bank.With the Bangladesh Bank the maximum limit can go up to 100% of the capital of the bank. 4. 4. 6 CIB REPORT [pic] Bangladesh Bank established Credit Information Bureau (CIB) with a view to provide information of the borrower to the schedule banks as per requirement. It is one of our credit policies that the bank wilts not sanction/ disburses any loan facility to a defaulter. Therefore to process a loan CIB report is mandatory one. So by CIB inquiry we can get the report on our clients from Bangladesh Bank. As per credit policy a Loan outstanding of Tk 50,000. 0 and above must be reported to Bangladesh bank Inputs the information of all the borrower status in CIB report whet her he is defaulter or not. So the purpose of CIB is to get the borrower(s) credit information with a view to sanction a loan. This is very important because without having CIB a loan cannot be sanctioned. It is also a tool for discourage loan defaulter in our country. CIB functions can be divided into two classes: CIB Inquiry. CIB Reporting. CIB INQUIRY: The following forms are required for CIB Inquiry: 01. Letter of Undertaking (Annexure – Ka) to be obtained from the individual client. 02. Inquiry Form: CIB – 1AIt covers the information of the debtors / individual borrower or company. Name ET address is mentioned here. It is to be filled up by the bank in Capital letter/ type. 03. Inquiry Form: CIB – 2A For institutional client this is necessary. It covers the information of the owners of the concerned borrowing company/firm. In case of individual client this form is not necessary. 04. Inquiry Form: CIB – 3A This form covers the information of group rel ated business concern of the borrower and any of its owners. Special Note: The name of the borrower / owners should be mentioned in full and must not be abbreviated.CIB REPORTING: The followings forms are required to report to Bangladesh Bank at monthly or quarterly basis. In case of loan limit one crore ET above it is need to be reported monthly and the entire loan amounting Tk. 50,000/- above are required to report quarterly. Form: CIB-1This from is related to borrower information only. Proper sector code and other information should be incorporated properly. Form: CIB – 2 This form is related to the owner(s) information of the borrowing company. Owner’s code and other information should be incorporate properly. Form: CIB – 3This form is related to group / affiliated concern(s) information of the borrower and or any of its owners. Form: CIB – 4 This form represents the credit exposure of the borrower with the reporting bank. Dotted boxes are need not re quired to be reported. Economic purpose code, security code, Classification status and other information should be incorporated property. Form: CIB – 5 This form is related to the guarantor(s) information of the borrower. All the form should be filled in full name with proper address, Abbreviated name are not acceptable. The impact of CIB in our country is very positive. CIB discourage loan defaulters.A loan defaulter cannot participate in any election as a candidate. It is also a way to harass the defaulter socially. At the initial stage of CIB [about 1990] total classified Loan was detected 41 %. By introducing CIB the percentage of classified loan could be minimized. So indirectly it helps our economy. It also helps the schedule bank by way of providing information as per requirement. [pic] PART D PERFORMANCE EVALUTION BANK ASIA (PATHERHAT BR. ) [pic]5: PERFORMANCE EVALUTION BANK ASIA (PATHERHAT BR. ) [pic] 5. 1 DEPOSIT [pic] Bank Asia, Patherhat Branch launched it operati on on 13th April,2012.AD The deposit volume of Bank Asia Ltd, Patherhat Branch, Chittagong is continuously increasing. The deposit amount is 19 crore at |April,2012. Through the following table the deposit position of Bank Asia Ltd Branch is shown. Showing monthly Deposit of Bank Asia Ltd. Patherhat Branch from the month of December,2011 to April,2012. Deposit (Amount in Crore) |Month |December |January |February |March |April | |Deposit |167446961 |174431349 |178152397 |173798455 |190064299 | 5. 2 ADVANCE [pic]The credit volume of Bank Asia Ltd, Patherhat Branch is increasing day by day. Showing monthly Deposit of Bank Asia Ltd. Patherhat Branch from the month of December,2011 to April,2012. Loans and Advance |Month |December |January |February |March |April | |Loans and Advance |12442268 |9877521 |10921573 |15813095 |19803015 | 5. 3 TOTAL INCOME [pic] The total income of Bank Asia is increasing day by day. Net loss of the branch is decreasing day by day by its acclerated efforts t o go the horizon of Profit. Month |December |January |February |March |April | |Total Inocme |1585091 |1760171 |1595499 |1777016 |1957001 | 5. 4 TOTAL EXPANSE [pic] With expansion of opeation of the branch, the total expense of the branch is incrasing day by day. |Month |December |January |February |March |April | |Total expense |3236019 |2337849 |9169238 |2372934 |2407706 |Position for the month of March, 2012:- |Particulars |Monthly Position of February 2012 |Monthly Position of March 2012 |Cumulative up to March, | | | | |2012 | |Total Deposit |178,152,397. 55 |173,798,455. 59 |173,798,455. 59 | |Total Advances |10,921,573. 95 |15,813,095. 60 |15,813,095. 60 | |Interest Income |1,571,766. 70 |1,745,422. 9 |5,052,804. 32 | |Other Income |23,732. 57 |31,593. 58 |79,882. 32 | |Total Income |1,595,499. 27 |1,777,016. 70 |5,132,686. 35 | |Interest Expenses |1,393,856. 72 |1,488,478. 72 |4,387,861. 15 | |Other Expenses |775,381. 63 |884,456. 00 |2,492,141. 53 | |Total Expenses |2,169,2 38. 35 |2,372,934. 4 |6,880,002. 68 | |Net Provisional Profit/Loss |(573,739. 080 |(595,918. 77) |(1,747,316. 33) | |Foreign Inward Remittance |2,415,193. 08 |1,984,934. 01 |6,289,562. 22 | of Bank Asia, Patherhat Branch is given below– [pic] PART E JOB PART [pic]6: JOB PART [pic] 6. 1 JOB DESCRIPTION [pic] In order to achieve best service quality Bank Asia has separate department called â€Å"CUSTOMEN SERVICE DEPARTMENT†, which is responsible of maintaining over all services of the bank to satisfy customers.To establish world class guest experience in all its operations it mainly focusing on people, infrastructure, technology, products and process. In order to ensure such experience Bank Asia always looks for enthusiastic people as employee and interns as well. I was doing the Internship under customer service depertment from January 25March, 2010 to May 25, 2012 in Patherhat branch. 6. 2 KEY RESPONSIBILITIES [pic] ? Ensuring first hand services to the client. ? Keep observing the service activities during the service hour. ? Guiding lost clients to have proper services. ? Having clients suggestion and complains and reporting to BM. Ensuring clients solutions and quality services. ENSURING FIRST HAND SERVICES TO THE GUEST: [pic] Bank is a financial institution so it is very tuff for a guest to know each service point. They sometimes come up with such problems for which they need not to talk to customer service manager or Branch manager. Like – how to write a deposit slip or how to use ATM card in booth etc. in that situation my primary duty was to greet them so that they rely upon me to have on the spot service. On the other hand my primary duties are understanding guest’s problem and guide him or her to talk with the right person on the right desk.KEEP OBSERVING THE SERVICE ACTIVITIES DURING THE SERVICE HOURS: [pic] During the service hour, many unusual situations may arise. So my another duty was to keep looking into those situat ions and make instant solutions like keep looking whether staff behaving the way they should behave or not. To look after whether any staff is ignoring any customers or not, was my another job duty. GUIDING LOST GUESTS TO HAVE PROPER SERVICES: [pic] It is usual situation that different professions people come to bank every day. Some profession people come to bank for the first time and doesn’t know verall service arrangement of the bank. They enter into the branch and starts wondering around within the bank. They get completely lost. So, my responsibility was to listen and guide them in a proper way. HAVING CUSTOMER SUGGESTION AND COMPLAINTS [pic] Since each branch is a touch point for the bank so it’s the better option for SQ department to have better guest experience. Another duty is to collect such suggestions and complain from guests and reporting to the Branch Manager. ENSURING CUSTOMER SOLUTION AND QUALITY SERVICES [pic] A guest should have a complete solution of a problem from branch.If it is not possible for customer service officer then take him/her to customer service manager even if it is not possible for the CSM then take him/her to BM. In the meanwhile I have to ensure the quality service to the guest. 6. 3 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF JOB [pic] There are five essential areas to excellence in guest experience. Bank Asia Client experience standard will apply it the five aspects for excellence in guest experience listed below— 1) People 2) Premises 3) Papers 4) Processes and 5) Practices People: The team who serves the clients. Premises: The location or place where we serve the clients. Papers: The documents we use to provide and receive information and to communicate with our clients and colleagues. Process: the process that enable us to delight our clients. Practices: the way we interact and talk with our clients. For keep concentrating on service issues, Bank Asia has prepared client experience fundamentals for its entire team me mber. Bank Asia’s client standards are— o BOLD: All team members are will be bold and on behalf of their clients and colleagues. They will be first to greet, first to listen and first to make any suggestions.They are the persons who satisfy the demands of the clients even if they are unexpressed o RELIABLE: The team member will take full ownership in serving their clients to their complete satisfaction o APPEALING: The team members have to ensure that all clients touch points are appealing and inviting o CONSISTENT: The team members will ensure that their clients experience quality is consistent in all aspects across all clients service point all the time. Apart from the above mentioned jobs, I was appointed for following works as well. Software called Stelar where I have to do: CIF (Customer Information Form). A/C verify & close FDR, DPS opening Cheque book, ATM card issue, Active. My major job purpose & principle accountabilities in the banks are as follows: Ensu re account opening, modification, closing, and ATM card & Cheque book requisition and remittance activities. Implement client service strategies to achieve Bank Asia objective and plans Ensure quick resoling of client quires and issues Efficiently handle customer complains Properly maintain FDR, ATM, Account and other registers Receiving checks, issue cheque book, Fund transfer Verifying check book register, Customer Signature verification Writing pay order, Statement inquire Checking balance as per individual customer request Providing all kinds of general banking information to the customers Issuing check books and posting them into the system. 7: RECOMMENDATION [pic] ? Since the branch is situated in a suitable place, so it should introduce ATM Booth of its own very soon. ? Clearing Department should be under online. ? Locker should be introduced. ? To reduce the working presure of the existing employees new capable employees should be employed. Since there are huge numb er of coverage loan, a recovery team should be introduced. ? Banks marketing policy should be more stronger to influence big corporate clients joint with them. ? Bank Asia can introduce about their product and service through different TV channels. So that every initiative of the bank can go at the door the customers. ? More training facilities should be introduced for the junior officers. 8: CONCLUSION [pic] Bank Asia Limited is one of the most renowed growing bank in the country. It is true that Bank Asia increase its growth and popularity with in very short period of time.It has ensured because they have efficient, capable, professional, talent work force. All the officers are very much comitted, helpful and cooperative so that necessary information accumulate through this report. I wish total success of Bank Asia Limited, Pather Hat Branch, and special thanks to Mr. Niaz Ahammed Rashed (FAVP & Manager), SantoshKumar Bhowmik (EO & Sub Manager), and all officers &employees of Path erhat Brahnch, Chittagong. 9: GLOSSARY [pic] IBC:- Inward bills for collection. OBC:- Out ward bills for collection. CIB:- Credit Information.IRC:- Import Registration Certificate. ERC:- Export Registration Certificate. TIN:- Tax Identification Number. BIN:- Business Identification Number. L/C:- Letter of Credit. FDR:- Fixed Deposit Regular. SME:- Small and Medium Enterprise. CCI&E:- Chief Controller of Import and Export. LCA:- Letter of Credit Authorization. B/L:- Bill of Lading. B/E:- Bill of Exchange. STD:- Short Term Deposit A/C. SOD:- Secured Over Draft. LBC:- Local Bills for Collection. LTR:- Loan Against Trust Receipt. FOB:- Freight On Boat. DBR:- Debt Burdeb Ratio. CPV:- Contract Point Verification.SWIFT:- Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication. ICC:- International Chember of Commerce. 10: BIBLIOGRAPHY [pic] †¢ Bank Asia Limited. Management Trainee Report. †¢ Bank Fund Management, Dr. A. R. Khan. †¢ Jeff Madura. International Financial Ma nagement. (West Publishing company, 4th edition, 1995). †¢ Rose, P. S. (1999). Measuring and Evaluating Bank Performance. Commercial Bank Management, Fourth Edition. †¢ Annual Report of Bank Asia Ltd. †¢ www. bankasia. com TITLE OF INTERNSHIP: GENERAL BANKING PRACTICE OF BANK ASIA LIMITED Objective of the Study:The major objective of the study is to evaluate the general banking practice of Bank Asia Ltd. To achieve these major objectives, the specific objectives of the study are mentioned below: 1. To high light the authorities involved in general banking of Bank Asia Ltd. 2. To examine the Account opening system of Bank Asia Ltd. 3. To show the Product or Services of Bank Asia Ltd. 4. To evaluate the General Banking Function of Bank Asia Ltd. 5. To find out problems of general banking practice of Bank Asia Ltd. 6. To give suggestions for improving of general banking practice of Bank Asia Ltd. ———————– BANK ASIA | | |CHAIRMAN | |PRESIDENT AND MANAGING DIRECTOR | |DEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTOR (DMD) | |SENIOR EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT (SEVP) | |EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT (EVP) | |SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT (SVP) | |VICE PRESIDENT (VP) | |FIRST VISE PRESIDENT (FVP) | |ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT (AVP) | |FIRST ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT (FAVP) | |SENIOR EXECUTIVE OFFICER (SEO) | |EXECUTIVE OFFICER (EO) | |SENIOR OFFICER (SO) | |MANAGEMENT TRAINEE OFFICER (MTO) | |OFFICER | |JUNIOR OFFICER (JO) | |ASSISTANT OFFICER (AO) | |BANKING OFFICER (BO) | |TRAINEE OFFICER (TO)/TELLER | | [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

Revisiting the Juvenile Offenders in Adult Criminal Justice System

The statistics are striking. In 2002 alone, one in twelve murders in the U. S. involved a juvenile offender (Snyder and Sickmund p. 65). Half of high school seniors (51%) surveyed in 2003 said they had tried illicit drugs at least once (Snyder and Sickmund p. 75). About 9% of murders in the U. S. were committed by youth under 18 in 2000 and an estimated 1561 youth under the age of 18 were arrested for homicide in 2000 (Fox). Youth under 18 accounted for about 15% of violent crime arrests in 2001 (FBI).One national survey found that for every teen arrested, at least 10 were engaged in violence that could have seriously injured or killed another person. (US Dept. of Health and Human Services). The alarming numbers continue but leave a question mark on the propensity and effectiveness of existing US juvenile laws, pushing for an inclination towards adopting adult justice systems in youth offender cases. Yet, alongside these figures are far more alarming statistics. While juvenile crimes are persistent, it is also true that one of every four violent crime victims known to law enforcement is a juvenile (Snyder and Sickmund p.31). Suicide is the third leading cause of death among teenagers. In fact, 1921 young people ages 10 to 19 died by suicide in the United States in 2000 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In fact, about 1 in 11 high-school students say they have made a suicide attempt in 1999(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention p. 6). And, officials have reported that of the more than 2,800 sexual violence allegations in juvenile facilities in 2004, 3 in 10 were substantiated (Snyder and Sickmund p. 230).A juvenile offender is one who is considered too young to be tried as an adult. Typically, the age at which a person can be tried as an adult varies among states, but ordinarily, it is the age of seventeen or eighteen, although this age can go down for certain serious offenses, such as homicide or sexual assault (Larson). When charged with a cri minal offense, a juvenile is sent to a juvenile court where he may either waive his right and be tried under adult criminal systems. Ideally and ordinarily, the focus is on what will rehabilitate the juvenile, rather than on punishment.For juvenile offenses, the juvenile are often said to have committed a â€Å"delinquent act,† as opposed to a â€Å"criminal offense. † (Larson). Although the juvenile court has broad discretion to tailor a sentence to the needs of a young offender this juveniles are still sentenced to prison. In fact, many states have large juvenile prisons and treatment facilities. The principle is that that the present criminal justice system believes that some juvenile offenders are very dangerous, despite their age, that incarceration seemed to be appropriate.While most of the policymakers and the press claim that an increase in the youth population shall also result in the rate of juvenile offenses, a lot of considerations need to be addressed. Jus tifications, as will be discussed later, however, boil down to one conclusion- when a juvenile commits an adult crime, he should not be required to face the consequences as an adult. In an effort to derive justifications why youth offenders should not be tried under adult criminal justice systems, several propositions are laid out below based on recent studies: 1.Youth are developmentally different from adults; 2. Incarcerating youth offenders in adult jails is dangerous to the juvenile offenders; 3. Youth incarceration in adult jails does not reduce crime rate; 4. Trying juvenile offenders and imposing death penalty to youth offenders is unconstitutional. These are discussed in detail in the following sections. Youth are developmentally different from adults The basic principle of equality of rights is commonly understood to mean that persons who are similarly situated shall be treated the same under the law.A close analysis of adult and youth offender profiles however suggests tha t adult and youth criminal offenders are not similarly situated so much so that existing adult justice systems should be liberally applied if not totally abolished as against juvenile offenders. Psychologists and lawyers have raised significant and recent studies in the juvenile brain in reconsidering the existing juvenile laws. An issue in point is whether a teenager who commits capital offenses can be executed or whether this would be cruel and unusual punishment, banned by the Constitution's eighth amendment.The point is, adolescents are not morally culpable as adults because their brains are not as capable of impulse control, decision-making, and reasoning as adult brains are. Psychologists say that this is because the brain's frontal lobe, which exercises restraint over impulsive behavior, â€Å"doesn't begin to mature until 17 years of age,† says neuroscientist Ruben Gur of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. â€Å"The very part of the brain that is judged by the legal system process comes on board late.† Other than this, adults behave differently not just because they have different brain structures, but because they use the structures in a different way ( Beckman ). Because of these social and biological reasons, an article in Times Magazine read, â€Å"teens have increased difficulty making mature decisions and understanding the consequences of their actions. † With much of these studies leaning towards the immediate fact that juveniles are not as mentally developed as the adult offenders, it is but proper that minors should never be tried as adults and should be spared the death penalty.Incarcerating youth offenders in adult jails is dangerous to the juvenile offenders It is a fact that despite a federal law preventing juveniles from adult jails existing for over three decades, 7,500 youth are in adult jails, according to a report released by the Campaign for Youth Justice. It must be reconsidered that rather than reh abilitating the youth offenders, incarcerating youth offenders in adult jails poses more danger to the juvenile. In fact, they are exposed to these dangers even before they’ve had their day in court (Campaign for Youth Justice).Incarceration exposes the youthful offender to sexual assault. Officials reported that of more than 2,800 sexual violence allegations in juvenile facilities in 2004, 3 in 10 were substantiated with girls more likely than boys to be sexually victimized (Snyder and Sickmund p. 229). In 2005, 21% of all substantiated victims of inmate-on-inmate sexual violence were under eighteen years old, even though youth make up less than 1% of the total jail population (Campaign for Youth Justice).Likewise, incarceration in adult are at greater risk of suicide than similar youth in theU. S. population (Snyder and Sickmund p. 229). In fact, youth have the highest suicide rates of all inmates in jails. â€Å"They are 36 times more likely to commit suicide in an adult jail than in a juvenile detention facility, and 19 times more likely to commit suicide in an adult jail than youth in the general population† (Campaign for Youth Justice). Finally, jailing juveniles in adult facilities are counterproductive and even increases their likelihood of reoffending.Based on studies, children who are prosecuted in adult court are more likely to be rearrested more often and more quickly for serious offenses(Campaign for Youth Justice). Youth incarceration in adult jails does not reduce crime rate While it is true that juvenile population in the US is increasing similarly to other segments of the population such that population projections indicate that the juvenile proportion of the U. S. population will hold constant through 2050 (Snyder and Sickmund p. 2), it is not true that this increase would also result in the increase in juvenile crime rate.In an analysis conducted based on official crime statistics of youth offenders in California from 1970 to 1 998, Macallair and Males said that â€Å"the popular claim that the rising teenage population means more crime and violence is a myth† (2000). According to them, the current crime trends among youths are indication of declining crime rates into the next century and suggest a reevaluation of current trends in youth crime policies and reexamination of popular assumptions based on these statistics. Death penalty to juvenile crimes is unconstitutionalThe truth of the matter is that all states in the US now allow certain juveniles to be tried in criminal court or otherwise face adult sanctions (Snyder and Sickmund p. 110). More over, the federal consititutionality of the American juvenile death penalty was a reasonably settled issue for the past 15 years. This is a serious matter that poses more danger to juvenile offenders in facing adult consequences. It is a good thing however, that the United States Supreme Court has now expressed a renewed interest in reconsidering this issue with state courts getting more involved as well. In Thompson v.Oklahoma, 487 U. S. 815 (1988), the United States Supreme Court held that â€Å"executions of offenders age 15 and younger at the time of their crimes are prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution† (Death Penalty Information Center). In Simmons v. Roper, 112 S. W. 3d 397 (Mo. 2003), the Supreme Court of Missouri interpreted current national data to hold that the death penalty for juvenile offenders now violates the United States Constitution's prohibition against Cruel and Unusual Punishment. They however did not reach the issue under the Missouri State Constitution.Although a ruling on federal constitutionality, Simmons applies only in Missouri at this juncture. In the meantime, the two prevailing issues before the Supreme Court is whether the lower court can subsequently reinterpret and reject the standards under evolving standards of decency once the United States Supreme Court sets the Eighth Amendment Cruel and Unusual standard and whether death penalty for a 17-year-old offender is now Cruel and Unusual under the Eighth Amendment's evolving standard of decency (Death Penalty Information Center).In 2005, the U. S. Supreme Court (5-4) upheld the Missouri Supreme Court and banned the death penalty for juvenile offenders, Roper v. Simmons (2005). With this as precedence, it is but due time for states to also reconsider the adverse consequences of juvenile commitment in adult prisons. Conclusion With all the issues raised above, it is but appalling why juvenile offenders should be tried under adult criminal justice systems. It is but due time that existing state policies be revisited and amended to adjust to the need of youthful offenders.In the meantime, since the present state policies on juvenile offenders are already in place, it is only but fitting to reconsider some adjustments in existing policies if at least to address and prevent these dangers until such time that the federal and state systems are ready for the new, more effective and revitalized policies. In referring to the special circumstance of juvenile offenders, the following recommendations were given in an ABA Task Force Report in 2001:†¢ Since youth are developmentally different from adults, these developmental differences need to be taken into account at all stages and in all aspects of the adult criminal justice system. †¢ Pretrial release or detention decisions regarding youth awaiting trial in adult criminal court should reflect their special characteristics. †¢ If detained or incarcerated, youth in the adult criminal justice system should be housed in institutions or facilities separate from adult facilities until at least their eighteenth birthday.†¢ Youth detained or incarcerated in the adult criminal justice system should be provided programs which address their educational, treatment, health, mental health, and vocational needs. †¢ The ri ght to counsel in the adult criminal justice system should not be waived by a youth without consultation with a lawyer and without a full inquiry into the youth's comprehension of the right and capacity to make the choice intelligently, voluntarily and understandingly. If the right to counsel is voluntarily waived, stand-by counsel should always be appointed.†¢ Judges in the adult criminal justice system should consider the individual characteristics of the youth during sentencing. †¢ The collateral consequences normally attendant to the adult criminal justice process should not necessarily apply to all youth arrested for crimes committed before the age of eighteen. (ABA p. 2) In sum, trying youth offenders under the adult criminal justice system â€Å"is not safe, is not fair and does not work† (Youth for Justice p. 4) and should therefore be guarded against. Rather than considering the youth as vices of the community, they should be looked upon as needing of socie ty’s support.Works Cited Beckman, Mary. â€Å"Crime, Culpability and the Adolescent Brain. † Death Penalty Information Center. 30 July 2004. Science Magazine. 10 March 2008. . Fox, James Alan. , Zawitz, Marianne W. â€Å"Homicide Trends in the United States. † US Department of Justice. 2002. Northeastern University and Bureau of Justice Statistics. 11 March 2008. < http://www.ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/homicide/homtrnd. htm>. Larson, Aaron. â€Å"Juvenile Offenders. † LawExperts. March 2000. 10 March 2008. . Snyder, Howard N. , and Sickmund, Melissa. â€Å"Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report. † Death Penalty Information Center. 2006. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 11 March 2008 . Wallis, Claudia and Dell, Kristina.â€Å"What Makes Teens Tick; A flood of hormones, sure. But also a host of structural changes in the brain. Can those explain the behaviors that make adolescence so exciting–and so exasperating? † Death Penalty Information Center. 10 May 2004. Time Magazine. 10 March 2008. . â€Å"Youth in the Criminal Justice System: An ABA Task Force Report. † American Bar Association. February 2002. Criminal Justice Section. 9 March 2008. â€Å"Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States, 2001.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. In: CDC Surveillance Summaries. June 28, 2002. MMWR, 51(SS-4), p. 6. 10 March 2008. . â€Å"Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Executive Summary. † U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2001. p. vii. Comparison of data from the Monitoring the Future Study from the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research and data from the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting program. 11 March 2008. < http://www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/youthviolence/summary. htm>.